Analisis Kerusakan Rel Kereta Api Angkutan Batubara

Apriardi Ihlas

Abstract


The use of thermite welding technology on railway connection is the primary option due to its mobility and cost. There are many failures on railway used to transport large amount of coal. This study performed a series of examinations and tests to find the main cause of broken railway connections. Macro fractographic test showed chevron fracture pattern and ratchet mark as indication of crack initiation area, which was the centerline of welding area. Metallographic examination on crack initiation areas showed weak ferrite phase network with large perlite grains. It was also found a number of micro porosity which supported the result of fractographic examination. Micro fractographic examination by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed a typical brittle fracture and a lot of micro porosity. Chemical composition examination by Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) showed an alumina inclusion slag. Therefore, low quality of thermite welding connection was caused by initial crack from the inside in the form of micro porosity in the centerline of welding area.


Penggunaan teknologi pengelasan termit pada sambungan rel kereta api menjadi pilihan utama karena mobilitas dan biayanya. Kerusakan telah terjadi pada sambungan rel kereta api yang digunakan sebagai angkutan batu bara dalam jumlah yang banyak. Pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan serangkaian pemeriksaan dan pengujian untuk mencari penyebab utama patahnya sambungan rel tersebut. Berdasarkan pemeriksaan fraktografi secara makro memperlihatkan pola patahan chevron dan ratchet mark sebagai petunjuk daerah awal retakan, yaitu centerline daerah las. Hasil pemeriksaan metalografi pada daerah inisiasi retakan menunjukkan terbentuknya jaringan fasa ferit yang lemah dengan ukuran butir perlit yang besar. Selain itu ditemukan sejumlah porositas mikro yang mendukung hasil pemeriksaan fraktografi. Hasil pemeriksaan fraktografi secara mikro dengan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) memperlihatkan tipikal patahan getas dan ditemukan  banyak porositas mikro. Dari pemeriksaan komposisi kimia dengan Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) ditemukan slag inklusi tipe alumina. Dengan demikian, rendahnya kualitas sambungan las termit diakibatkan oleh terbentuknya retakan awal dari dalam berupa porositas mikro pada centerline daerah las.


Keywords


rel kereta api, las termit, porositas penyusutan interdendritik, jaringan ferit, slag inklusi alumina

Full Text:

PDF

References


Suryo Hapsoro Tri Utomo, “Jalan Rel”, Beta Offset, Yogyakarta, 4–25, 2009.

Saita, K., Karimine, K., & Ueda, M., “Trends in Rail Welding Technologies and Our Future Approach”, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Technical Report, (105), 84–92, 2013.

AWS, Welding Handbook Vol. 3, 9th edition, Welding Process, Part 2, American Welding Society, 573–580, 2007.

Chen, Y Ã, F V Lawrence, C P L Barkan, and J A Dantzig. “Weld Defect Formation in Rail Thermite Welds”, 220: 373–84, 2006. doi:10.1243/0954409JRRT44.

Deep, “A. Improvement in Mechanical Behavior of Expulsion with Heat Treated Thermite Welded”, 3(12), 1545–1549, 2009.

ASM, Metal Hand Book Vol. 11, 5th Printing, Failure Analysis and Prevention, American Society for Metal, Hal 164–171, 1995.

TATA Steel. “Rail Technical Guide”, 1–24, 2013. doi:RTG/LJ/ENG/V2/04.14.

JIS E 1120:2007 “Head hardened rails”.

Nenad, Milan T Jovanović, Miša Todorović, Milan Trtanj, and Petar Šaponjić. “Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Postweld Heat-Treated Thermite Weld in Rails.” Materials Characterization 43 (4): 243–50, 1999. doi:10.1016/S1044-5803(99)00006-6.

Jun, Hyun Kyu, Jung Won Seo, Il Sik Jeon, Sang Hwan Lee, and Yoon Suk Chang. “Fracture and Fatigue Crack Growth Analyses on a Weld-Repaired Railway Rail.” Engineering Failure Analysis 59, 2016. doi:10.1016/j. engfailanal. 2015.11.014.

Li, Y.D., C.B. Liu, N. Xu, X.F. Wu, W.M. Guo, and J.B. Shi. “A Failure Study of the Railway Rail Serviced for Heavy Cargo Trains.” Case Studies in Engineering Failure Analysis. Vol. 1, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.csefa.2013.09.003.

Lawrence, F.V., Y-R. Chen, J.P. Cyre, and C.P.L. Barkan. “Strategies for Improving the Fatigue Resistance of Thermite Weldments”, 2001.

ASTM E 45–05 “ Standar Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel”.

Poirier, D. R., Yeum, K., and Maples, A. L. “A thermodynamic prediction for microporosity formation in aluminum-rich Al-Cu alloys”. Metall. Trans. A, 1987, 18A, 1979.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.37209/jtbbt.v7i1.89

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Address:

Center for Material and Technical Product (B4T)

Jl. Sangkuriang No.14, Bandung, 40135, INDONESIA.

Email : jurnal.tbbt@b4t.go.id

Telp : +62-22-2504088

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

View My Stats